The standard operatic double-bill known affectionately as Cav & Pag is central to our understanding of verismo, the brand of Italian operatic realism that flourished briefly in the final years of the 19th century. Although seemingly as inseparable a musical pairing as G & S (or G & T, for that matter), the two operas were in fact written a few years apart, and until well into the 20th century were as likely to be coupled with other short operas (for instance, Strauss’ Salome) as with each other.
Nonetheless, the similarities between them are so striking as to make them ideal operatic bedfellows. Leoncavallo made a particular study of Mascagani’s Cavalleria rusticana (1890), and Pagliacci (1892) was written in deliberate emulation of it. The differences are as interesting as the similarities: the tenor is the adulterous lover in the earlier work, the jealous husband in the later one. In both cases, the guilty parties end up dead, but if our sympathies are tenor-centric, as is not unlikely, we may side end up siding with the victim in the first, and with the murderer in the second.
In Damiano Michieletto’s excellent new production (which debuted at Covent Garden in December 2015), the two works are not just juxtaposed; they’re intertwined. Early in Cavalleria, an excited crowd sees two actors put up posters for their forthcoming show – Pagliacci. Even more ingeniously, during the famous Cavalleria intermezzo, a flirtation between one of these actors and a baker sets up the off-stage infidelity which drives the action in the second opera.
The most inspired interpenetration occurred during Pagliacci's intermezzo, where a pregnant Santuzza is absolved by a priest in confession, and is then reconciled with Mamma Lucia, whose bitter sorrow at the loss of her son is mitigated by the revelation that she was to become a grandmother. The reason this worked was because the gorgeous E major music of the Pagliacci intermezzo was perfectly consonant with this emotional insertion. For some, this postscript to the brutal hopeless of the Cavalleria's conclusion may have been a concession to sentimentality, but if so it was a brief feel-good moment soon to be effaced by the double murder with which Pagliacci ends.
These weren’t the only effective directorial interventions in a production where Paolo Fantin’s sets and Carla Teti’s costumes vividly captured an Italy not of the 1890s but of recent memory. Santuzza’s sense of guilt during the Easter hymn found its visual counterpart when the statue of the Virgin came to life and pointed in condemnatory fashion at her (no mater misericordiae here!), effective use being made of spotlights. Particularly intriguing was the end-in-the-beginning stage set-up, when the curtain rose on the bloody corpse of Turiddu, with the chorus frozen in attitudes around it. The fact that the off-stage singer of the Siciliana during this was Turiddu himself gave the scene a nicely hallucinogenic quality. A similar dream-like quality obtained when the play-within-the-play in Pagliacci was doubled in front of the tormented Canio.