Another Venetian proposal by the tireless Federico Maria Sardelli for a young Mozart. Il re pastore (The Shepherd King) is the last of the works of circumstance following Ascanio in Alba, written for the wedding of Archduke Ferdinand in Milan, and Il sogno di Scipione (Scipio's Dream), intended for Archbishop Colloredo. Here the occasion is the arrival in Salzburg of Prince-elector Maximilian III, celebrated in the magnanimity of the male characters of this work. Rulers in the Age of Enlightenment always loved to have their personal virtues being glorified in parallel with those of humble shepherds – modesty, loyalty and care for one's own flock – so as to legitimise their natural right to exercise power.
In April 1775, when Il re pastore was performed in Munich, Mozart was 19 years old. Five years had therefore elapsed from Il sogno di Scipione, and while there the reference model was the Italian opera seria with its strict sequence of secco recitatives and solo arias, here it is the pastoral model to prevail with its simple dramaturgy, a more flexible musical structure, arias often with strumento obbligato, ensemble pieces and accompagnato recitatives. If in Il sogno Mozart looked at the past, here he seems to foretell the future with moments that anticipate Idomeneo.
The 1775 libretto by Pietro Metastasio has been put into music by at least 25 composers, including Hasse and Gluck. For Mozart it was reduced to two acts by Idomeneo's librettist Giambattista Varesco. The story tells of Alexander the Great who, after conquering the city of Sidon, removes the usurping tyrant and restores to the throne the ousted rightful successor Abdalonimo, who lives as the shepherd Aminta, unaware of his status. He is also offered the hand of Tamiri, the fugitive princess daughter of the tyrant. The young man, however, is already in love with Elisa and would gladly renounce the throne for love if Alexander, struck by such nobility, did not help the pair of lovers by appointing the shepherd as king of Sidon, while Tamiri happily marries her loved Agenore.
After an exuberant sinfonia played by Sardelli in high-spirited tempo, three sopranos and two tenors are engaged in 14 musical numbers that develop a linear action, very different from the intriguing plots of other Metastasio's plays. Aminta and Alessandro have three arias each, the other characters two. There is also a duet and a tutti finale. In the first performance, the celebrated castrato Tommaso Consoli sang Aminta, but here we are in Italy where the practice of countertenors is not well digested yet – and for director Sardelli it is out of the question. Therefore in the title role there was a soprano, the excellent Roberta Mameli, who combined a captivating voice with a lively stage presence that accentuated the male nature of the character. Her Aminta is a brat climbing trees who also knows how to express the tenderness of the aria "L'amerò, sarò costante" with violin obbligato, a jewel that anticipates Zaide's "Ruhe sanft" in its sublime fondness. The ambiguity is a main feature of this scene: Aminta thinks of Elisa, while Elisa believes that he speaks of Tamiri.
Female voices dominate: Silvia Frigato was an emotional Tamiri and Elisabeth Breuer a genuine Elisa. Alessandro was Juan Francisco Gatell, an expert in this repertoire, but the arduous vocal acrobatics were a hard nut to crack for him too. Francisco Fernández-Rueda was Agenore. Recitatives were extensively trimmed by the conductor.
In origin Il re pastore was not staged and was called "serenata". Here at Teatro La Fenice it is staged by Alessio Pizzech with Davide Amadei taking care of set design and Carla Ricotti of the modern costumes. In lieu of the "vast and pleasant countryside irrigated by the Bostreno river" there is a deserted land where an abandoned van, from whose window sprouts a tree, is Aminta's "crude narrow roof". In the second act the rocks are replaced by the high green hedges of Alexander's residence. The tree has lost its leaves but will bloom again in the festive finale. The director tries to fill the gaps in the dacapo arias, but he is not always effective, though he shows intelligence in the care put into the acting of the singers and does not conceal Frigato's pregnancy, using it to make Tamiri's relationship with Agenore more intimate and touching. In fact it is Tamiri that seems to be the focus of the director's attention, as if she was the most interesting character, dragging a suitcase containing the sword that killed the father tyrant, as Sophocle's Electra always carries the weapon of her vengeance with her.
As recognised by Mozart's most prominent experts, Il re pastore seems to be a work that deserves to be included in the repertoire for the undoubted qualities of the writing in itself and not only because it foreshadows the genius of the works that will follow.
A Venezia un'altra possibilità per l'adolescente Mozart
Seconda proposta veneziana del giovane Mozart da parte dell'infaticabile Federico Maria Sardelli. Il re pastore è l'ultimo dei lavori di circostanza dopo l'Ascanio in Alba, scritto per le nozze dell'arciduca Ferdinando a Milano, e Il sogno di Scipione, destinato all'arcivescovo Colloredo. Qui l'occasione è il passaggio a Salisburgo del Principe Elettore Massimiliano III, celebrato nella magnanimità dei personaggi maschili di quest'opera. I despoti dell'epoca dei lumi hanno sempre amato sentirsi decantare le loro virtù personali in parallelo a quelle degli umili pastori – modestia, fedeltà e sollecitudine per il proprio gregge – così da legittimare il diritto naturale ad esercitare il potere.