With Monteverdi's L'Orfeo a new theatrical genre was born. With Gluck's Orfeo, 150 years later, the same genre was put under discussion and renovated. This pivotal work is known in three main versions: Orfeo ed Euridice (Vienna 1762, in Italian and with the role of the protagonist for an alto castrato); Orphée et Euridice (Paris 1774, in French, for a haute-contre); Orphée et Eurydice (written with y, Paris 1859). Leaving out the latter that Berlioz adapted from the French version changing the orchestration and transposing the part of the protagonist for mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot, the two versions of Gluck's time differ so much that we can almost speak of them as two distinct works.
The Paris version contains musical numbers absent from the Viennese, including several dances and the arietta which concludes Act 1, a piece of music so different in style from all the rest that for a long time it was regarded as not by Gluck – the name of Ferdinando Bertoni was suggested, the rival who staged his Orfeo ed Euridice in 1776. But recently scholars have confirmed Gluck's authorship for this pezzo di bravura that, with its flourishing coloratura and closed form, seems to contradict the assumptions of the reform that Gluck wanted to state with this work. In essence his reform replaced the da capo arias and recitativi secchi with pieces of shorter duration and tightly bound to each other to form larger structures where the recitatives, always accompagnati, merged into arias in a natural and consequent manner. But above all there was the adherence of the singing to the text, without the licence of "superfluous" embellishments.
For the first time at the Teatro alla Scala in this French version, and coming from the ROH, this production of Orphée et Euridice stages the same Orphée, Juan Diego Flórez, perhaps the only tenor currently able to revive the virtuosity of the role created for Joseph Legros. Its unfamiliarity (the Italian opera in Paris at that time was not such in vogue as it would have been afterwards) was at the origins of the work's success, while only the difficulty of the part has kept this version away from the theatres for a long time.
Tireless from the first to the last moment, almost always on stage, the Peruvian tenor controlled his high register with confidence and elegance, a luminous timbre and impeccable diction, phrasing and legato. From the harrowing initial laments – only Euridice's name repeated three times coming out of his mouth – to the joy that erupts in the virtuosity of "L'espoire renait dans mon âme" when he is ready to cross the borders of the netherworld to meet his beloved, his performance met with no moments of fatigue or drop in stamina.
He had at his side Christiane Karg and Fatma Said, who both displayed personality and vocal flair, Karg giving Euridice the sore tone of those who see happiness soon turn into pain, and Said's Amour with shimmering timbre of the gold in which she was clad.
In John Fulljames' staging the story we see Orphée's dream or fantasy, as at the end he sets the corpse of his beloved on fire a second time, but now he accepts her death – a modern and fascinating interpretation, but far from the myth. Apart from this, the interesting mise en scène puts the orchestra on stage behind the singers on a large platform that raises or sinks following its own logic, even if not always evident. The problem, however, is the acoustic: sounds are crushed when the instrumentalists are up there a few metres below the panels hanging from the ceiling, and dispersed when the platform with the orchestra is below the stage level.
In contrast to Michele Mariotti's composed and highly sensitive conducting, which in "J'ai perdu mon Eurydice" reaches an acme of intensity with minimal musical means, Hofesh Shechter's choreography forms a remarkable contrast. Used to working on electronic music, the movements of the dancers, who jump and have spasms and convulsions, cause in some ways the deconstruction of the music that we listen to and the length and repetitiveness of the tribal dance gestures tend to dilute the drama that the music, even in its supreme composure, has tried to build up. Pina Bausch's German Orpheus und Eurydike at the Paris Opéra, her last work, was remarkably more exciting.
Il lutto si addice a Orfeo: Gluck alla Scala
Come con L'Orfeo di Monteverdi era nato un nuovo genere teatrale, così con l'Orfeo di Gluck, 150 anni dopo, quello stesso genere veniva rimesso in discussione e rinnovato. L'opera cardine di questo processo è conosciuta principalmente in tre versioni differenti: Orfeo ed Euridice (Vienna 1762, in italiano e con la parte del protagonista per un contraltista castrato); Orphée et Euridice (Parigi 1774, in francese per un haute-contre); Orphée et Eurydice, con la y, (Parigi 1859). Tralasciando quest'ultima versione che Berlioz riadattò da quella francese cambiando l'orchestrazione e trasponendo la parte del protagonista per un mezzosoprano, l'allora famosa Pauline Viardot, le due versioni del tempo di Gluck differiscono in modo tale da poter parlare di due opere quasi distinte.