In the eagerness for new works that permeated the eve of World War I, Riccardo Zandonai's Francesca da Rimini broke with Verismo to enter into a full decadent climate: Francesca lost Santuzza or Fedora's passionate connotation to become a Dante Gabriele Rossetti character, a Pre-Raphaelite figure. Probably unaware of Ambrose Thomas' Françoise de Rimini (1882) or Tchaikovsky's symphonic poem (1877), Zandonai noted that Middle and Renaissance Ages were very fashionable in Italy at the time. The opera's libretto was by the most acclaimed poet of the epoch, Gabriele D'Annunzio, whose exceedingly artificial and aesthetic language – rich in erudite quotations and with a lexicon at the limit of comprehensibility for an Italian of today – found correspondence in the wise use of ancient instruments and musical modes.
Francesca da Rimini evokes Debussy's 1902 Pelléas et Mélisande not only for the brother-in-law love affair, but also for the often similar musical tone. The plot is intersected with that of Tristan, over and over mentioned in the libretto (the cup, the magic), and with Lancelot and Guinevere, whose stories, as narrated in the Arthurian cycle, are eagerly read by the two lovers.
If D'Annunzio's play at Rome Teatro Costanzi in 1901 did not have the expected success despite the presence of the "divine" Eleonora Duse, things went much better at the Turin première of Zandonai's work. The title role would see interpreters like Magda Olivero, Leyla Gencer and Raina Kabaivanska, the latter being present among the audience for this new production at La Scala, the first after almost sixty years' absence from the Milanese theatre.
Fabio Luisi delivered a compelling performance that did not neglect the moments of lyricism, copious in this atmospheric, crepuscular work which, like Tristan, prefers nocturnal darkness – “Nemica ebbi la luce, amica ebbi la notte” (I had the light as enemy, I had the night as friend) sings Paolo at one point. The dramatic moments such as the violence of the battle and the duets between Francesca and Malatestino or between him and his elder brother were rendered with great effectiveness and attention to the orchestral fineness. The use of obsolete ancient instruments is what differentiates this work: pifferi, a lute, a “viola pomposa” (on which the soloist plays the recurrent love theme) give a distinctive flavour to this work.
The cast was based on solid interpreters. In the arduous title role Maria José Siri perhaps did not have the stage elegance of a pre-Raphaelite figure, but vocally her expression and temperament helped to build Francesca's comprehensive personality. Her high notes were emitted with confidence, and the register passages were homogeneous and well balanced.
Summoned at the last moment to replace Roberto Aronica, Marcelo Puente was Paolo il Bello, a character in which the abandon to lyricism and mezzevoci flanks a vigorous acting. Unfortunately, the nasal tone of the Argentine tenor and a certain poverty of expression did not express the sensuality of the character. His Paolo, as a result, was vocally correct but shallow. Gianciotto, the crippled brother, found in Gabriele Viviani a good interpreter, as it happened with Luciano Ganci, Malatestino, the sadistic and morbid younger brother. Alisa Kolosova was the sensitive sister Samaritana; among Francesca's retinue, Sara Rossini, a young Academy student, here a tender Biancofiore, deserved a mention.
David Pountney's staging was complex and full of symbolism. The "brilliant garden" in Leslie Travers' scenography was a dazzling white environment dominated by a gigantic female figure which at the end of the Act 1 was pierced by sharp points when the violent male world broke in. In the war scene that followed one could see a menacing rotating structure with cannons and the flashes of their shots concluded Act 2. Once run through most of the scenographic effects, David Pountney in Act 3 returned to the "feminine" environment now with the intrusion of a shot down bi-plane to remember the militarist past of the author of the verses –who equally loved female bodies and war heroism. The director's vision is based on these two aspects: women live in a kind of artist's studio between perfumes, music and sensual tales; men are always dressed up for war and ready to slaughter each other. In D'Annunzio's universe, women exist only to make love and men to shed blood. Even when in the third act the women are dressed like female soldiers at the command table, they cannot wait to get rid of their uniforms and wear flowing white frocks to cavort a spring dance.
Not included in the libretto is the jester's death: Ostasio, Francesca's brutal brother in a fascist uniform, kills him with a gunshot. His corpse is mercifully covered by the women with those scarlet scraps of cloth that the poor man had begged for in order to patch up his ragged costume. Particularly pitiless was the fact that the rose placed on his corpse was the rose that Francesca later gave to Paolo believing him her future husband after seeing him appear in an armour and on a horse all sparkling in gold. Marie-Jeanne Lecca's costumes might be referred to various eras: those of the women to ancient times but revisited in Liberty style, those of the men to soldiers of the WWI but with medieval touches.
Rottura con il Verismo: Francesca da Rimini di Zandonai ritorna alla Scala
Nell'ansia di novità che permeava il mondo musicale italiano alla vigilia della Grande Guerra, la Francesca da Rimini di Riccardo Zandonai rompeva con il Verismo per entrare in pieno clima floreale e decadentista: Francesca perdeva la connotazione passionale di Santuzza o di Fedora per diventare una figura alla Dante Gabriele Rossetti, una figura in stile preraffaellita. Probabilmente ignaro della Françoise de Rimini (1882) di Ambrose Thomas o del poema sinfonico di Čajkovskij (1877), Zandonai riprendeva quell'evo medio e rinascimentale molto di moda nel primo Novecento in Italia. Il testo glielo forniva il poeta più acclamato del momento, quel Gabriele D'Annunzio la cui lingua artificiosissima ed estetizzante, ricca di citazioni erudite e di un lessico al limite del comprensibile per un italiano d'oggi, trovava corrispondenza nell'impiego sapiente di strumenti e di modi musicali antichi.